¿À¹Ù¸¶ÀÇ À§Ç轺·± ·¹ÀÌ°Ç°üκ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸®¹ö·² [1]-¹è·° Èļ¼ÀÎ ¿À¹Ù¸¶ Áß±¹À» ¹æ¹®(1971³â) ¸ðÅõ¿°ú ¾Ç¼ö¸¦ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Ç Å°½ÅÀú(»çÁø ß¾). Ãֱ٠Ư»ç ÀÚ°ÝÀ¸·Î ¹æºÏÇß´ø ºô ¸®Ã³µå½¼Àº ¸®¹ö·² ¼ºÇâÀ¸·Î ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ Ç Å°½ÅÀú °è¿­ ÀλçÀÌ´Ù.(»çÁø ù») ¿À¹Ù¸¶ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ·¹ÀÌ°Ç ´ëÅë·É°ú ·¹ÀÌ°Ç ÇàÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °­ÇÑ ¹Ý°¨(ÚãÊï)À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â Àι°ÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿©·ÐÁ¶»ç ±â°üÀÎ Çظ®½º Æú(Harris Paul)ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶ Àü ¿©·ÐÁ¶»ç¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀÌ °¡Àå Á¸°æÇÏ´Â ´ëÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î 1À§°¡ ¸µÄÁ, 2À§°¡ ·¹ÀÌ°Ç Àü ´ëÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ¹Ì±¹ ¾ð·ÐÀº ´ëÅë·É Èĺ¸ ½ÃÀý ¿À¹Ù¸¶¸¦ ±× ¾î¶² ¹Ì±¹ Á¤Ä¡Àκ¸´Ù ¡®Áøº¸Àû¡¯(Liberal)À̶ó°í Æò°¡Çß´Ù. ÀÏ·Ê·Î ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ Àü¹® ÁÖ°£ÁöÀÎ ¡®³»¼Å³Î Àú³Î¡¯Àº 2008³â ÃÊ »ó¿øÀÇ¿ø 100¸íÀÇ ¼ºÇâÀ» ºñ±³ ºÐ¼®Çߴµ¥, ¿À¹Ù¸¶°¡ °¡Àå ¡®Áøº¸Àû Àι°¡¯À̶ó°í Æò°¡Çß´Ù. ¿À¹Ù¸¶ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚ¼­ÀüÀÎ ¡®¾Æ¹öÁö·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ²Þ¡¯(Dreams From My Father)¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±¹ ¿ª»ç»ó °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ ´ëÅë·É °¡¿îµ¥ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ ·¹ÀÌ°ÇÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹¦»çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¡°1983³â ³ª´Â »çȸ ¿îµ¿°¡(community organizer)°¡ µÇ±â·Î °á½ÉÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼¼ºÎÀûÀÎ °èȹÀº ¼¼¿ìÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. »çȸ¿îµ¿°¡·ÎÀÇ »îÀ» »ì¾Æ°¡´Â »ç¶÷À» ¸¸³­ Àûµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ´ëÇРģ±¸°¡ »çȸ¿îµ¿°¡·Î¼­ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö ³»°Ô ¹°¾ú´Ù. Ä£±¸ÀÇ °©ÀÛ½º·± Áú¹®¿¡ ³ª´Â Áï´äÀ» ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ À§ÇØ °á½ÉÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ·¹ÀÌ°Ç°ú ±×ÀÇ ¡®ÃßÁ¾Àڵ顯(minions)ÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¡®´õ·¯¿î ÀÏ¡¯(dirty deeds)À» ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹é¾Ç°üÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±¤ÀûÀÌ°í ÀÚ±âÁß½ÉÀûÀÎ ¹Ì±¹À̶õ ³ª¶óÀÇ ºÐÀ§±â¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù±â·Î °á½ÉÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â º¯È­°¡ À§·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â °Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾Æ·¡(ÀϹݴëÁß)·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛ µÈ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ³»°¡ ÇÒ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÈæÀÎ »çȸ¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î º¯È­´Ù.¡±<<Ãâó : Dreams From My Father, 133ÆäÀÌÁö>> [¿ø¹®] IN 1983, I DECIDED to become a community organizer. There wasn¡¯t much detail to the idea; I didn¡¯t know anyone making a living that way. When classmates in college asked me just what it was that a community organizer did, I couldn¡¯t answer them directly. Instead, I¡¯d pronounce on the need for change. Change in the White House, where Reagan and his minions were carrying on their dirty deeds. Change in the Congress, compliant and corrupt. Change in the mood of the country, manic and self-absorbed. Change won¡¯t come from the top, I would say. Change will come from a mobilized grass roots. That¡¯s what I¡¯ll do, I¡¯ll organize black folks. At the grass roots. 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LGBT Appointments in the Obama-Biden Administration NAME TITLE AGENCY Steven Adamske Deputy Assistant Secretary, Public Affairs Department of the Treasury Matt Adler Special Assistant to the Director, Citizenship and Immigration Services Department of Homeland Security Mark Agrast Deputy Assistant Attorney General Office of Legislative Affairs at the Department of Justice Kim Allman Deputy Director of Intergovernmental Relations Corporation for National and Community Service Raul Alvillar Congressional Relations Officer Department of Housing and Urban Development Judy Applebaum Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs Department of Justice Cynthia Attwood* Member Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission Daniel Baer Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Department of State Cornelius Baker Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Praveen Basaviah Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Vic Basile Senior Counselor to the Director Office of Personnel Management Bruce Bastian Member President¡¯s Advisory Committee on the Arts for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Anthony Bernal Scheduler, Office of Dr. Jill Biden Office of the Vice President Jeremy Bernard Director, White House and Congressional Affairs, White House Liaison National Endowment for the Humanities John Berry* Director Office of Personnel Management Jeremy Bishop Special Assistant to the Secretary, Office of Public Engagement Department of Labor Brian Bond Deputy Director, Office of Public Engagement The White House Raphael Bostic* Assistant Secretary, Policy Development and Research Department of Housing and Urban Development David Brooks Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Ebs Burnough Deputy Social Secretary, Office of the First Lady The White House Margarethe Cammermeyer Member Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services Michael Camuñez* Assistant Secretary, Market Access and Compliance Department of Commerce Lyle Canceko Deputy Director, Center for Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships Department of Commerce Ken Choe Deputy General Counsel Department of Health and Human Services Brook Colangelo Chief Information Officer Office of Administration Matthew W. Collier Senior Advisor to the Director Office of Personnel Management John Connor Director, Office of White House Liaison Department of Commerce John Coppola* Member National Museum and Library Services Board Jonathan Cordone General Counsel Export-Import Bank Jeffrey Crowley Director, Office of National AIDS Policy The White House Humberto Cruz Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Fred Davie Member President¡¯s Advisory Council on Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships Justin DeJong Deputy Press Secretary Department of Agriculture Marisa Demeo Associate Judge D.C. Superior Court Clay Doherty Deputy Director, Office of Public Engagement United States Agency for International Development Laura Duffy* U.S. Attorney Southern District of California Edward DuMont** Judge United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Jenny Durkan* U.S. Attorney Western District of Washington John Easton* Director, Institute of Education Sciences Department of Education Eric Fanning Deputy Under Secretary, Director of Small Business Programs, Department of the Navy Department of Defense Chai Feldblum*** Member Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Natalie Fernandez Trips Coordinator Department of Energy Carl Fillichio Senior Advisor to the Secretary, Public Affairs and Communications Department of Labor Ethan Gelber Assistant, White House Liaison Department of State Daniel Gordon* Administrator, Office of Federal Procurement Policy Office of Management and Budget Kathy Greenlee* Assistant Secretary, Administration for Aging Department of Health and Human Services Robert Greenwald Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Steve Gunderson Commissioner President¡¯s Commission on White House Fellows David Hansell Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Administration for Children and Families Department of Health and Human Services Beatrice Hanson** Director, Office for Victims of Crime Department of Justice Daniel H. Hantman Senior Counselor to the Director, Citizenship and Immigration Services Department of Homeland Security Clyde Henderson, III Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intergovernmental & External Affairs Department of Energy Emily Hewitt Chief Justice U.S. Court of Federal Claims Steven Hicks Special Assistant, Early Childhood, Office of the Secretary Department of Education Jennifer Ho Deputy Director, Accountability Management U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness Fred Hochberg* Chairman Export-Import Bank Michael Horberg Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS David Huebner* Chief of Mission, New Zealand & Independent State of Samoa (U.S. Ambassador) Department of State Glenda Humiston State Director for Rural Development, California Department of Agriculture Pamela Hyde* Administrator, Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Department of Health and Human Services Shin Inouye Director, Specialty Media The White House John Isa Deputy Executive Director Federal Office of Compliance Ejay Jack Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Jack Jackson Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Karine Jean-Pierre Regional Director, Office of Political Affairs The White House Kevin Jennings Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools Department of Education Kristina Johnson* Under Secretary of Energy Department of Energy Jennifer C. Jones Special Assistant, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public and Indian Housing Department of Housing and Urban Development Elaine Kaplan General Counsel Office of Personnel Management Brad Kiley Director, Office of Management and Administration The White House Kei Koizumi Assistant Director for Federal Research and Development Office of Science and Technology Policy James Kolbe Member, Advisory Committee Export-Import Bank James Kolbe Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations United States Trade Representative Karen A. Lash Senior Counsel for Access to Justice Department of Justice Andy Lee Chief of Staff, Office of Innovation and Improvement Department of Education Jeffrey Lerner Regional Director, Office of Political Affairs The White House Reginald Lewis Member Presidential Scholars Commission Zach Liscow Staff Economist Council of Economic Advisers Thomas Lopach Senior Vice President, Congressional Affairs Export-Import Bank Sharon Lubinski* U.S. Marshal Department of Justice Ana Ma Chief of Staff Small Business Administration John Marble Special Assistant, Public Affairs Office of Personnel Management Jeffrey Marburg Special Counsel United States Agency for International Development Mercedes Marquez* Assistant Secretary for Community Planning and Development Department of Housing and Urban Development Kathy Martinez* Assistant Secretary, Office of Disability Employment Policy (ODEP) Department of Labor Michael Martinez Special Assistant, National Resources Conservation Division Department of Agriculture Leonardo Martinez-Diaz Senior Economic Advisor United States Agency for International Development Mary Beth Maxwell Senior Advisor, Office of Policy Department of Labor Philip McNamara Executive Secretary, Office of the Executive Secretariat Department of Homeland Security Steven Means Special Assistant, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Department of Education David Medina Director, Office of Public Engagement Peace Corps David Mills* Assistant Secretary, Export Enforcement Department of Commerce Jeffrey Neal Chief Human Capital Officer Department of Homeland Security Ven Neralla Director of Priority Placement, Presidential Personnel Office The White House Dave Noble White House Liaison National Aeronautics and Space Administration Matt Nosanchuk Senior Counselor to the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights Department of Justice Dylan Orr Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Labor, Office of Disability Employment Policy Department of Labor Joseph Palacios Member Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, Board of Visitors Paolo Palugod Special Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General for the Environment and Natural Resources Division Department of Justice Peter Pappas Chief Communications Officer, United States Patent and Trademark Office Department of Commerce Mira Patel Policy Planning, Office of the Secretary Department of State Raúl Perea-Henze* Assistant Secretary, Policy and Planning Department of Veterans Affairs Mark Perriello White House Liaison Department of the Interior Thomas Petrillo Special Assistant to the Director of Scheduling Department of the Interior Zachary A. Portilla Assistant, Office of Presidential Personnel The White House Gautam Raghavan Special Assistant to the White House Liaison Department of Defense Ryan M. Robison Deputy Director of Scheduling, Office of the Administrator Environmental Protection Agency Peter Roehrig Special Assistant, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Department of Energy Donna Ryu U.S. Magistrate Judge for the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California Federal Judiciary Ellie Sue Schafer Director, White House Visitors Office The White House Herb Schultz Director of Region IX Department of Health and Human Services Chloe Schwenke Senior Advisor on Democracy and Governance, Africa Bureau United States Agency for International Development Tarak Shah Special Assistant, Operational Energy Plans and Programs Department of Defense Amanda Simpson Senior Technical Advisor, Bureau of Industry and Security Department of Commerce Richard Sorian*** Assistant Secretary, Public Affairs Department of Health and Human Services Campbell Spencer Regional Director, Office of Political Affairs The White House Everette Stubbs Deputy Director, White House Visitors Center The White House Jason Surbey Special Assistant, Office of Public Affairs Department of Labor Nancy Sutley* Chair White House Council on Environmental Quality Jonathan Swain Assistant Administrator, Communications & Public Liaison Small Business Administration Louis Tharp Member Army Education Advisory Committee Kenneth Tolson Member President¡¯s Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities Hector L. Vargas, Jr. Member President's Advisory Commission on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders Kamala Vasagam Special Assistant to the President, Office of Presidential Personnel The White House Alex Wagner Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary, Global Strategic Affairs Department of Defense Douglas B. Wilson* Assistant Secretary, Public Affairs Department of Defense Elisabeth B. Wilson Member Negotiated Rulemaking Committee for Designation of Medically Underserved Populations and Primary Care Health Professions Shortage Areas Phil Wilson Member Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Frederick Loo Wong Public Affairs Specialist Corporation for National and Community Service William Woolston Staff Economist Council of Economic Advisers Former Obama-Biden Administration LGBT Appointees NAME TITLE AGENCY Jamison Citron Confidential Assistant, Office of the White House Liaison Department of Health and Human Services Harry Knox Member President¡¯s Advisory Council on Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships Alison Nathan Associate Counsel to the President The White House Constance L. Rogers Deputy Solicitor, Energy and Mineral Resources Department of the Interior Moe Vela Director of Operations Office of the Vice President * Nominated and Senate-confirmed ** Nominated but not Senate-confirmed *** One-year recess appointment – Nominated but not Senate-confirmed ±èÇÊÀç 2011.01.10 15:25